1. Ahn SJ, Cho EJ, Kim HJ, Park SN, Lim YK, Kook JK. The antimicrobial effects of deglycyrrhizinated licorice root extract on Streptococcus mutans UA159 in both planktonic and biofilm cultures. Anaerobe. 2012;18(6):590-596. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.10.005.
2. Jiang M, Zhao S, Yang S, et al. An “essential herbal medicine”-licorice: A review of phytochemicals and its effects in combination preparations. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;249:112439. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112439.
3. Ji S, Li Z, Song W, et al. Bioactive constituents of glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice): discovery of the effective components of a traditional herbal medicine. J Nat Prod. 2016;79(2):281-292. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00877.
4. El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, El-Mleeh A, Abdel-Daim MM, Prasad Devkota H. Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, and pharmacological and toxicological activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (fabaceae). Biomolecules. 2020;10(3):352. doi:10.3390/biom10030352.
5. Liu D, Huo X, Gao L, Zhang J, Ni H, Cao L. NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways contribute to the protective effect of Licochalcone A on dextran sulphate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;102:922-929. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.130.
6. El-Ashmawy NE, Khedr NF, El-Bahrawy HA, El-Adawy SA. Downregulation of iNOS and elevation of cAMP mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of glabridin in rats with ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacology. 2018;26(2):551-559. doi:10.1007/s10787-017-0373-9.
7. Tanemoto R, Okuyama T, Matsuo H, Okumura T, Ikeya Y, Nishizawa M. The constituents of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) differentially suppress nitric oxide production in interleukin-1β-treated hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2015;2:153-159. doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.06.004.
8. Thiyagarajan P, Chandrasekaran CV, Deepak HB, Agarwal A. Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its phytoconstituents. Inflammopharmacology. 2011;19(4):235-241. doi:10.1007/s10787-011-0080-x.
9. Tian T, Wang Z, Zhang J. Pathomechanisms of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease and potential antioxidant therapies. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:4535194. doi:10.1155/2017/4535194.
10. Pereira C, Grácio D, Teixeira JP, Magro F. Oxidative stress and DNA damage: implications in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(10):2403-2417. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000506.
11. Yuksel M, Ates I, Kaplan M, et al. Is Oxidative stress associated with activation and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease? J Med Biochem. 2017;36(4):341-348. doi:10.1515/jomb-2017-0013.
12. Pérez S, Taléns-Visconti R, Rius-Pérez S, Finamor I, Sastre J. Redox signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;104:75-103. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.048.
13. Yang Y, Wang S, Bao YR, et al. Anti-ulcer effect and potential mechanism of licoflavone by regulating inflammation mediators and amino acid metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;199:175-182. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.053.
14. Rees WD, Rhodes J, Wright JE, Stamford LF, Bennett A. Effect of deglycyrrhizinated liquorice on gastric mucosal damage by aspirin. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1979;14(5):605-607. doi:10.3109/00365527909181397.
15. Akbari N, Asadimehr N, Kiani Z. The effects of licorice containing diphenhydramine solution on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;50:102401. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102401.
16. Sidhu P, Shankargouda S, Rath A, Hesarghatta Ramamurthy P, Fernandes B, Kumar Singh A. Therapeutic benefits of liquorice in dentistry. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11(1):82-88. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2017.12.004.
17. Nasry SA, El Shenawy HM, Mostafa D, Ammar NM. Different modalities for treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016;8(5):e517-e522. doi:10.4317/jced.52877.
18. Setright R. Prevention of symptoms of gastric irritation (GERD) using two herbal formulas: an observational study. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society. 2017;23(2):68-71. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Prevention-of-symptoms-of-gastric-irritation-(GERD)-Setright/8cc9e3dd1c5 0ae85c3392db21bb8c8dcbd2e84c6.
19. Wittschier N, Faller G, Hensel A. Aqueous extracts and polysaccharides from liquorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) inhibit adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric mucosa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;125(2):218-223. doi:10.1016/j. jep.2009.07.009.
20. Hajiaghamohammadi AA, Zargar A, Oveisi S, Samimi R, Reisian S. To evaluate of the effect of adding licorice to the standard treatment regimen of Helicobacter pylori. Braz J Infect Dis. 2016;20(6):534-538. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2016.07.015.
21. Momeni A, Rahimian G, Kiasi A, Amiri M, Kheiri S. Effect of licorice versus bismuth on eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Pharmacognosy Res. 2014;6(4):341-344. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.138289.
22. Kwon YJ, Son DH, Chung TH, Lee YJ. A review of the pharmacological efficacy and safety of licorice root from corroborative clinical trial findings. J Med Food. 2020;23(1):12-20. doi:10.1089/jmf.2019.4459.
23. Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Lunardi Baccetto R, et al. Bile acid physiology. Ann Hepatol. 2017;16(suppl 1:S3-S105.):S4-S14. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0010.5493.
24. Razak MA, Begum PS, Viswanath B, Rajagopal S. Multifarious beneficial effect of nonessential amino acid, glycine: a review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:1716701. doi:10.1155/2017/1716701.
25. Wang W, Wu Z, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wang J, Wu G. Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health. Amino Acids. 2013;45(3):463-477. doi:10.1007/s00726-013-1493-1.
26. Sekhar RV, Patel SG, Guthikonda AP, et al. Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(3):847-853. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.003483.
27. Howard A, Tahir I, Javed S, Waring SM, Ford D, Hirst BH. Glycine transporter GLYT1 is essential for glycine-mediated protection of human intestinal epithelial cells against oxidative damage. J Physiol. 2010;588(pt 6):995-1009. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.186262.
28. Takeuchi K, Nagahama K. Animal model of acid-reflux esophagitis: pathogenic roles of acid/pepsin, prostaglandins, and amino acids. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:532594. doi:10.1155/2014/532594.
29. Akinrinde AS, Hameed HO. Glycine and L-arginine supplementation ameliorates gastro-duodenal toxicity in a rat model of NSAID (Diclofenac)–gastroenteropathy via inhibition of oxidative stress [published online ahead of print Feb 8, 2021]. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2021;10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0307. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0307.
30. Salisbury BH, Terrell JM. Antacids. [Updated September 1, 2020]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526049/.
31. Datta P, Weis MT. Calcium glycerophosphate preserves transepithelial integrity in the Caco-2 model of intestinal transport. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(30):9055-9066. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9055.